What is a Pronoun सर्वनाम क्या है
Noun के जगह पर use होने वाले शब्द को pronoun कहते है जैसे मान लीजिए एक काल्पनिक कहानी है
"एक राजा था जिसका नाम विक्रम था। राजा विक्रम के चार पुत्र थे। राजा विक्रम बहुत ही प्रभावशाली योद्धा था"
"दोस्तो इस कहानी में राजा विक्रम का नाम बार बार लिया गया जिससे कहानी कुछ अच्छी नही लग रही। चूंकि राजा विक्रम एक व्यक्ति का नाम है तो वह एक noun हुआ अतः कहानी में यह noun बार बार repeat न हो इसके लिए हम यह एक word का use करेंगे जिसे हम pronoun कहेंगे यानी कहानी के शुरू में सिर्फ एक बार राजा विक्रम शब्द का use होगा बाकी जगह जितनी बार राजा विक्रम शब्द आएगा उसके जगह पर He (वह) का use करेंगे यह शब्द "He" ही एक pronoun हैं जो की noun राजा विक्रम के लिए use हुआ हैं अतः हम pronoun का परिभाषा इस प्रकार दे सकते है।"
Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun in order to avoid repetition of the letter.
Kinds of Pronoun
1. Personal Pronouns- Words used in place of nouns referring to persons. e.g. I, we, you, he, she, it, they' etc.
चूंकि Pronoun, person यानी व्यक्ति (noun) के स्थान पर use होने वाला शब्द है अतः किसी sentence में person किस case में use हुआ है यानी subject ki जगह (subjective case) या object की जगह (objective case) या किसी अन्य तरीके से हो तो उस person को रिप्लेस भी उसी case के pronoun से करना पड़ेगा। यहां pronoun के case दिए गए है।
(i) This is my book.
(ii) That is her house.
3. Relative Pronouns- Words used for nouns to express functions relating to "who, which, that, whose, whom etc.
(i) The man who has just entered the room is my friend.
(ii) The book that I bought is very costly.
4. Interrogative Pronouns- Words used for nouns to ask questions. Who? What? Which? Whose? Whom?
(i) Who took my bag?
(ii) Whom did you meet?
(iii) Whose books are these?
(iv) What are you doing?
5. Indefinite Pronouns- Words used for nouns in vague (अस्पष्ट) and general meaning- everybody, nobody, somebody, either, neither, all, much, several, each, another' etc.
6. Reflexive Pronouns-Words used as forms of Personal pronouns for emphasis(जोर देना)- myself, ourselves, himself, themselves, yourself' etc.
7. Distributive Pronouns-Used for individuals and objects referring to them as one at a time e.g.- either, neither, each, every, none, anyone, etc.
(i) Either of the two sisters is staying here.
(ii) Neither of his arms is defective.
(iii) You can take either room.
(iv) You can talk to each boy.
8. Reciprocal Pronouns-Words used to point out mutual relationship e.g.- each other, one another' etc.
(I) Both the brothers love each other.
(ii) Indians should not fight with one another.
Rules of Pronoun
Rule-1
When the subject of the verb is the receiver of the action, the action is said to be reflected. Such verbs are used reflexively.
Acquit, absent, avail, reconcile, amuse, resign, avenge, revenge, enjoy, exert, apply, adapt, adjust, pride overreach, etc, are used reflexively. e.g.
(I)You should avail yourself of every chance in life.
(ii) He resigned himself to his failure.
(iii)The former D.M. acuqitted himself very efficiently.
Rule-2
The following verbs are not used reflexively.
keep, stop, turn, qualify, bathe, move, rest, hide' are not used reflexively. e.g.,
(I) He has qualified for the post.
(ii) He hide in the room.
Rule-3
A reflexive pronoun cannot act as a subject or object of a verb unless it is preceded by pronoun or noun concerned. e.g.
(i) Yourself and he reached there in time. (Incorrect)
Correct form- You and he reached there in time.
(ii) I myself like him. (Correct)
(iv) Raj will do it for myself and my sister. (Incorrect)
Correct form- Raj will do for me and my sister.
Rule-4
The verb 'to be' should be followed by subjective form when the complement is pronoun. e.g.
(I) It is me who have brought you home. -Change me' into I )
(ii) Was it her who did it for you?- change her into she
(iii) It will be us who will buy a new house.
(Change 'us' into we')
Rule-5
Verbs and Prepositions are followed by objective case of a pronoun.
(I) Between you and I Suhani is intelligent. -Change I into me
(ii) She is teaching Rohit and 'she'.- change she into her
(iii) Let they go. - change they into them
Rule-6
(a) Good manners require that the order of singular pronouns should be second person,third person and first person (231).
(i) I and you will attend her wedding tomorrow. Use you and I
(ii) You, Mohan and I will watch movie tonight. Correct
(b) But in plural "we' is used before 'you' and they' after 'you' (123). This order (123) also use in unpleasant acts. e.g.
(i) We, you and they are leaving for Mumbai- correct tomorrow.
(ii) You and I will be punished. - Use I and You because punished is an unpleasant act
Rule-7
Use of possessive adjectives (Possessive case of the pronoun)
(A) When two subjects are joined by-
As well as, together with, along with, and not, in addition to, like, unlike, with' rather than, except, no less than, nothing but, more than one,
the possessive case of the pronoun is used in accordance with the first subject e.g.
(i) My sister along with her friends is doing her job at Delhi. (Correct)
(ii) Reena as well as her children has returned to their home. (Use 'her for Reena instead of 'their)
(B) When two subjects are joined by-
Either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, none-but.'the possessive case of pronoun is used according to the nearest subject.
(i) Neither the students nor-the teacher was playing in their proper uniform. (Use 'his' for 'their)
(ii) Neither of the two brothers has brought their bedding. (Use 'his' for their)
(C) When the pronouns Each, every, neither, either, anyone' many a, more than one are used as subject, the possessive case should be third person singular. They may refer to two or more than two objects or persons.
(i) Every one should do one's duty. (Use 'his' for 'one's')
(ii) Each one of us is doing our duty properly.(Use 'his' for 'our)
(iii) Each boy and each teacher is required to bring their luggage. (Use his in place of their)
(D) When 'one' is used as a subject, the possessive case of tne pronoun should be according to one. (i.e. one's) e.g.
(i) One should do his duty sincerely. (Use 'one's' in place of 'his)
(E) When a pronoun is used for more than one noun or pronouns of different persons the possessive case is in the form of first person plural (our) and second person plural (your). e.g.
(i) Only you and I have brought your books. (Use "our" in place of you)
(ii) You and he completed their work. (Use "your" in place of their)
(iii) Have you, he and I received their letters (Use "our" in place of their)
Rule-8
A noun or pronoun in the possessIve case should not be used sometimes with the noun such as
seperation, leave, excuse, mention, report, pardon, sight, favour.' e.g.
(i) Your separation is very painful to me.(Say 'separation from you)
(ii) At his sight the robbers fled.-(Say At the sight of him)
(ii) She did make mention of you. (Correct)
Rule-9
Either, neither, each other are used in speaking or two persons or things.
Whereas Anyone, none, one another are used while referring to more than two persons or things. e.g.
(i) Indians should never fight with each other. (Use 'one another in place of 'each other)
(ii) Anyone ot his eyes is defective. (Use 'either' in place of 'anyone)
(iii) None of his arms was wounded in the accident. (Use 'neither for 'none)
(iv) Either of his four sons has sold his property after his death. (Use 'anyone' for 'Either)
Rule-10 : Use of Both
Both' should be followed by 'and' and not by 'as well as', negative is avoided with Both e.g.
(i) Both you as well as my brother are going to attend her marriage tomorrow. (Use 'and' in place of as well as)
(ii) Both of them are not going there.
(Correct form) Neither of them is going there.
Rule-11
Which' is used in place of 'Who' when we are referring to a choice between two or more than two things or persons. e.g.
(i) Of the two sisters who is the more intelligent.
(ii) Who is your tather in the crowd?
(iii) Who is the better of the two dancers in our society?(Use 'which' in place of who)
(Use 'which' in place of 'who')
Rule-12
Possessive case-We don't use noun after possessive case of a pronoun. e.g.,
(i) This book is mine = This is my book.
(ii) This shirt is yours = This is your shirt.
(ii) Our is a populous country.(Say 'Ours)
Rule-13
The relative pronoun should be expressed according to its relation with the verb of the adjective clause. 'Who' is used as a subject of a verb of adjective clause and 'whom' is used as an object of a verb of adjective clause. e.g,
(i) He was talking of the women who, he said, he met in America. (Use whom' in place of 'who')
(ii) She is the kind of lady whom, every body knows, is intelligent. (Use who' in place of whom)
Rule-14
The use of "But' as a relative pronoun. e.g.
(i) There was none but wept. (Who did not weep)
(ii) There is no country but is corrupt. (Which is not corrupt)
Rule-15
The use of the 'same' as pronoun is wrong. e.g.
(i) I shall give you a book and the same is very useful. (Say it' for the 'same')
(ii) He bought a house and is living in the same. (Say 'it for the 'same' )